Oxford Writing Style: General Format
Wondering what major components of Oxford writing style are? Draw your attention to the following points:
- Header – Page numbers are placed as one considers appropriate.
- Font and its size – It’s advised to use Times New Roman 12 or 14 pt.
- Margins – It’s required to set 1-inch margins on all sides, the top of the page excluded. Double spacing is applied to an academic paper except for the bibliography.
- Title page – The title of an academic paper should be placed at the top of the first page skipping a few lines to indicate a type of your assignment, i.e. an essay, case brief, dissertation, etc. Then, it’s necessary to place a date, your name, and your educational establishment.
- Specifications – A complete reference should be added each time an in-text citation, either direct or indirect, is provided. All sources should be given credit to.
- List of references – It includes different types of sources used for preparing an academic paper.
- In-text citation – As the Oxford style guide states, citations are to be provided within the text to support writer’s claims and statements. An in-text citation should appear in both footnotes and a reference list.
Concerning footnotes, they should direct readers to a complete reference list where all sources are cited. Footnotes are provided at the bottom of the page.
Top-Notch Academic WritingOxford Citation: Kinds and Peculiarities
Oxford citation should include a superscript number following the author’s words. No other data is required. Other details are to be provided in the footnotes. As to the Oxford citation types, they are the following:
- Direct in-text citation. Copy the words of another author and paste them in your work. Then, add a superscript number to determine the source in the footnotes and a bibliography.
- Indirect in-text citation. Paraphrase another author’s ideas and add a quote in your paper where applicable. Then, add a superscript number to determine the source in the footnotes and a bibliography.
Someone says that Oxford referencing format reminds either MLA or APA. Sound confusing? You have never dealt with Oxford referencing style? Just don’t panic since you can turn to us. Our team can help you arrange a reference list, in-text citations, headings and the rest of the structural components.
Now, let’s find out what Vancouver citation style implies.
Vancouver Citation Style: Definition, Peculiarities
Vancouver citation style is a numeric citation system applied to the publications in Science, Biomedicine, and Health. It uses numbers throughout the text that refer to respective entries on the Vancouver reference list. Vancouver referencing style is considered new among similar formats based on the author-number mode. It was first identified in 1978 in Vancouver, Canada.
Top-Notch Academic WritingOrganizing Citations in Vancouver Style
Below, there is a list of helpful tips on Vancouver referencing style:
- In the text, numeric references are to be used. Numbers are set mostly in brackets. E.g. (3).
- The same citation number is used when the same source is cited. It is linked with a respective entry on the Vancouver reference list.
- The entries on the reference list in Vancouver style is arranged according to the way citations appear in the text, not alphabetically.
- Not many punctuation marks are used in Vancouver style.
- Abbreviations are used for journal titles.
- In case some part of the text includes several references, each source should be separated by a comma.
- Authors are arranged according to their last name. Then, initials follow. E.g. (Smith N.). No comma between the last name and initials is to be placed. No spaces between the initials are needed.
- In case of more than 6 authors, the first six author should be cited followed by et al. or ‘and others.’
This list highlights the core rules of Vancouver citation style. However, it’s worth admitting that different variations within the style are possible, and this is what makes it challenging to deal with. Still, you shouldn’t get concerned about it since our team is ready to help you in formatting your papers in Vancouver style.
In-text Citations in Vancouver Style
In Vancouver referencing style, in the text, citations are marked with numbers, which appear in either parentheses or superscript. Make sure to choose one option and use it consistently throughout the text. Have a look at the following table:
Parenthesis numbering |
Superscript numbering |
Smith (2) states that… |
Smith2 states that… |
The numbers usually follow the author’s name or a direct quote. They may be also placed at the end of a sentence. E.g.:
This concept plays a crucial role for the development of the theory (2).
Mentioning Authors in Vancouver Referencing Style
When providing a quotation or referring to a particular work, you need to mention its author. In this case, you have to provide the author’s last name in the content of your paper. If it goes about a source with several authors, indicate the name of the first author and then put ‘et al.’ For example:
Silver et al. (2) states that…
Note that it is not necessarily to mention the author’s name in the content of your work. However, when referring to a source, indicating a reference number is a must. E.g.:
One more scientific investigation (14) discusses the notion of…
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References: The Numbering Style
Sources are numbered according to the order which they are cited in the paper. The first cited source is 1, the second – 2, and so on.
In case the same source is cited in a paper again, the same number is to be used within the text to refer to it.
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Establishing Page Numbers
A page number or a range of pages should be specified when you quote the text directly. This also works when rewording a specific paragraph. A page number is to be placed after the reference number in the same parentheses preceded by ‘p.’
In case superscript numbers are applied, a page number has to be also provided in superscript in parentheses after the reference number. E.g.:
“…the concept that was developed to frame the existing theories”. 2 (p. 32)
Those who have ever dealt with Vancouver referencing style say that this is one of the most complicated citation styles. If you do not feel like formatting your piece of writing in Vancouver citation style, contact us straight away. Be sure we have accomplished experts to help you out!
Now, it’s time to describe one more citation style which our professional team can assist you with. Here, we’re talking about Turabian citation style.
What Is Turabian Citation Style?
Turabian style is directed at students meaning it provides specific guidelines for formatting academic works. It is important to admit that Turabian citation style is not separated from Chicago format. It’s rather the so-called form of Chicago citation style that provides formatting instructions mainly focused on students’ needs.
Talking about the difference between Turabian style and Chicago format, it’s rather slight. It lies in formatting recommendations directed at student papers. So, keep in mind that Turabian citation style is the format which you should stick to when working on your academic papers.
Provide only Original papersTurabian Citations: What Is So Special about Them?
Turabian style gives students a possibility of choosing between two citation systems, i.e. notes and bibliography and author-date. Draw your attention to the following points to see what each citation mode implies:
- Notes and bibliography system. In this style, Turabian citations are provided in either footnotes or endnotes with a bibliography or the annotated one at the end of a paper presenting complete information about the used sources. The notes and bibliography style usually applies to the papers written in the humanities.
- Author-date system. In this case, Turabian citations are placed in parentheses with a references page at the end of a paper indicating all types of sources. This system is mostly used for formatting academic works in the sciences.
Peculiarities of the Notes and Bibliography Style
It can be said that this system consists of two parts, a footnote in the text and a corresponding item in the bibliography. No matter the types of sources, i.e. primary or secondary, a citation is to be provided for all of them.
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Footnotes and Endnotes in Turabian Citation Style
Turabian citations are provided in footnotes and endnotes. The citation that appears in the text first gives complete information about a source, while the subsequent ones related to the same source are usually shortened for the sake of space.
A note is marked by a superscript number provided at the end of a sentence or clause which the citation pertains to. Footnotes go at the bottom of the page, while endnotes – at the end of an academic work. You need to use either the former or the latter, but not the combination of both.
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Turabian Style Bibliography
The bibliography in Turabian citation style as well as in any other format is placed at the end of an academic work and provides information about all types of sources cited in a piece of writing. The entries on this page are listed in alphabetical order according to the author’s last name. Authors’ names are separated by a comma, e.g. (“Smith, Martin”).
Each entry in the Turabian style bibliography is presented on a new line with a hanging indent that is used when there is much information about a source and it takes more than one line.
Specifics of the Author-date Style
As it has already been mentioned, this system consists of short in-text citations in parentheses that relate to respective entries on the references page.
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Arranging In-text Citations
In the mentioned style, in-text citations include the author’s last name, publication year, and a page number. They are placed at the end of a pertinent sentence before any closing punctuation marks.
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Main Characteristics of a Reference List
A references page gives readers complete information about the sources used for producing a paper. This list is arranged in a manner similar to that a bibliography is provided in. The only difference is that a publication year follows the author’s name that makes cross-referencing with in-text citations easy and quick.
In case you encounter some difficulties with Turabian citation style, place your order at our site and be sure of getting expert formatting assistance.
CBE Citation Style: What Does It Serve For?
CBE citation style was developed specifically for biological sciences. At present, this format is widely used in such academic fields as Maths, Physics, and other subjects related to engineering. It’s also necessary to add that CBE citation style was established for the sake of scientific terminology. Considering this this format is based on two modes of citing sources. The first mode is in-text citations that use the author-based style and the second one consists of a superscript number with a particular source cited on a reference page.
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CBE citation style has something in common with APA. In this format, in the author-based style namely, you need to arrange a reference list in alphabetical order according to the author’s last name. An in-text citation should include a link to the reference list or bibliography.
As to the second system of citing sources, it is arranged according to the author’s last name and a publication year provided in a reference list that should be organized alphabetically. An important aspect to keep in mind is that sources are cited in parenthesis.
Writing academic papers in CBE citation style, Turabian, Vancouver or any other format may cause some difficulties. Some confusion as to how to cite sources, organize in-text citations, etc. may arise. We’d like to say that you shouldn’t worry if you can’t format your paper on your own.
